Materials

Aluminum nitride is distinguished by ‌ultrahigh thermal conductivity‌ (70-200 W/m·K), ‌excellent electrical insulation‌, and ‌low thermal expansion coefficient‌ (matched to silicon). It also demonstrates ‌high-temperature stability‌ (heat resistance up to ...

Silicon carbide is defined by ‌ultrahigh hardness‌ (Mohs hardness 9.2-9.3), ‌extreme temperature resistance‌ (melting point ~2700°C), ‌high thermal conductivity‌, and ‌chemical inertness‌. It also features a ‌low thermal expansion coefficient‌, ...

Silicon nitride, a covalent-bonded ceramic material, is known for its ultrahigh strength, extreme temperature resistance (~1900°C), low density, and exceptional chemical stability. It also features superior thermal shock resistance, preventing ...

Ruby (chromium-doped alumina single crystal) is defined by ‌ultrahigh hardness‌ (Mohs 9), ‌high-temperature resistance‌ (melting point ~2050°C), and ‌chemical inertness‌, enhanced by ‌exceptional red-light transmittance‌ and ‌wear/corrosion resistance‌. These attributes ...

Sapphire (alpha-alumina single crystal) is characterized by ‌exceptional hardness‌ (Mohs 9, second only to diamond), ‌extreme temperature resistance‌ (-200°C to 2000°C stability), and ‌chemical inertness‌, combined with ‌superior optical transparency‌ ...

Gemstones are precious minerals or rocks formed through long geological processes in nature, valued for their rarity, beauty, and unique physical properties. Each gemstone possesses distinctive characteristics such as color, ...